Thinking Activity - Tale of a Tub

Hello Readers! This blog is a response to the Thinking Activity assigned by Kavisha ma'am. In this blog I am going to discuss the about education system and criticise it. 

Education system ( Satire ) :- 

Education is a major component of social class. lower class students have no much chances to study in high universities and schools. Because they have not much money. They don't get better education. Poverty and education are a part of the vicious cycle. If people are poor, they fail to give their children an education. College and universities are shown to pay more attention to the class of the student, rather than his merit. Here I give two examples of movie which are  based on education system.

Hindi Medium ( 2017 ):-

Hindi Medium is a Bollywood film starring Irrfan Khan and Saba Qamar. The story of the film is about couple, Raj and Mita, who y have a daughter.

The film is the story of every indian parents who wants to go to good school for their kids, but to get admission in a reputed school is not easy, so they choose different path to get the admission. It is a satirical movie  about on to admission process of private schools. 

Why Cheat India (2019):-

Why Cheat India is a Bollywood film starring Emran Hashmi in lead role. The film is the story of a man who helps students to get into their desired colleges by cheating. He pays y money to poor intelligent students to write exams for rich students to clear the entrance exams.

The film shows the reality of our education system, how everything is sold and with a price you can get entry to any college or university.

Thank you for visiting....

Lockdown

Pictorial Journey of a Pandemic poem ' Lockdown' :-

Hello Readers! This blog is a response to the Sunday reading Activity on a poem lockdown by poet Laureate Simon Armitage assigned by Dilip Barad sir, Department of English, MKBU. In this blog I am going to present  my experiences of Lockdown.

Simon Armitage:-

Simon Armitage, in full Simon Robert Armitage, British Poet, Playwright and Novelist whose poetry is attuned to Modern life and vernacular language and has been regarded as both accessible and revelatory. His works were widely Anthologized and have been broadly popular. In 2019 Armitage became poet laureate of Great Britain.  His Notable works are as below.

• Kid
• Book of Matches
• The Dead sea poems
• Cloud Cuckooland
• Tyrannosaurus Rex verses the Corduroy kid

About poem:-

Lockdown:-

The poem 'Lockdown' is written by Simon Armitage. It was first published in the Gaurdian on 21 March, 2022. It is a response to the coronavirus pandemic, and references the Derbyshire "Plague Village" of Eyam, which self - isolated in 1650 to limit the spread of the Great plague of London, and the Sanskrit poem 'Meghaduta' by Kalidas, in which a cloud carries a message from an exile to his distant wife. 

The poem is about two dreams, and the poem can be divided into two parts. 

• The great Plague of London
• Travel to the time of Kalidas's Meghaduta - the cloud messenger.

In the beginning of the poem, the poet described a hallucinating dream sequence of 1665-66 plague stricken village Eyam. Here he depicts a street in London. The line - Then couldn't un-see the Boundary stone, In this part, there is a presentation of the  how people used to manage things. The boundary was set by a stone and people had to put coins in hole of stone. During Pandemic time we were at our home, not going outside. Each and every village or city had made boundries. We were sanitising our hands so we could prevent COVID to spreading.  The second portion is about an exotic dream wherein the dreamer travels back in time to Kalidas's Meghaduta - the cloud messenger. The reference is from an Indian Sanskrit literature. It describes how a yaksha who had been banished by his master to a remote region for a year, to a remote region for a year, asked a cloud to take a message of love to his wife.

Q. 1 What is your first reaction to this poem? Are you able to connect your lockdown experience with this poem?

Yes, I am able to connect my experience with Simon Armitage's poem 'Lockdown'. I feel very happy in lockdown because I spent time with my family. And I improve my creativity. But the condition of the outer world is very bad. In the pandemic period a number of people died. People lost their Job or suffered a reduction in their income due to the covid - 19 Pandemic and it's resulting economic recession have negatively affected many people's mental health and created new barriers for people already suffering from mental illness and substance use disorder.

Q. 2  If you are Chinese or African, would you be happy the concluding message which the speaker is deriving or interpreting from this poem?

If I am a Chinese or African, I would contribute to the message of the poem. This poem is not about particular religion or particular race but it deals with the whole world in general and that is the real charm of literature to think about the whole world.

Many of us have become aware of how much we need other people - many have managed to maintain their social connections, even if they had to use technology to keep it touch. Thus, we can say that the poem presents the dire condition of the world during the Corona crisis but by the examples of the Great plague and Meghaduta. The poet Simon Armitage is presenting here a true image of the world.

Thank you for reading this blog...

Assignment Paper no.105 ( History of English Literature - from 1350 to 1900 )

• Name :- Payal Bambhaniya

• Batch :- M.A. Sem. 1 ( 2022 - 2024 )

• Roll no. :- 16

• Paper no. & Name :- 105 - History of English Literature - from 1350 to 1900

• Assignment Topic:- William Wordsworth as Romantic poet 

• Subject code no.:- 22396

• Enrollment no.:- 4069206420220002

• Email Id :- payalbambhaniya92@gmail.com

• Submitted to.:- Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English, MKBU.

Introduction of  The Romantic Age:-

The Romantic period ( 1789 - 1837 ) has started with the Publication of 'Lyrical Ballads' by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, both were the prominent poets of the age and they have proved that it was "The second creative period of English Literature". The first half of the 19th century records the triumph of Romanticism in literature and democracy in government. The age was also known as "An age of Revolution" there were three revolts going together, Anglo Saxon period of freedom, American commonwealth and French Revolution. All these movements brought the term 'Individualism' and people started thinking in different ways. The chief subject of romantic literature was the essential nobleness of common men and the value of the individual. In the period there were so many writers and poets  presenting their individual point of view and viewing the world with their own perspective. There were two major poets of the age William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Other poets are as below.

• Walter Scott
• Robert Southey
• George Gordon Byron
• Percy Bysshe Shelley
• John Keats

William Wordsworth ( 1770 - 1850 ):-

Life of William Wordsworth:-

William Wordsworth was an English Romantic poet. He was born in 1770 at cockermouth, Cumberland and spent his seventeen years in Cumberland Hill's; His mother died when he was eight years old and the orphan was taken in charge by relatives, in school he used to learn with flowers and hills rather than classes; in 1787 he went to Cambridge. It was the time of stress and Strom with his life it was like a period of uncertainty. He started writing from 1797 to 1799 a very short period but very important in his life and for the romantic period, and from 1799 he had taken retirement from his work of writing and spent time in between the nature at Northern lake region where he was born, he was very close to the nature which experience has reflected in all his poetry. 

The Great Decade: 1797 - 1808 

While living with Dorothy at Alfoxden House, Wordsworth became friends with a fellow poet, Samuel Taylor Coleridge. They formed a partnership that would change both poet's lives and alter the course of English poetry. The partnership between Wordsworth and Coleridge, rooted in one marvelous year in which they "together wantoned in wild poesy" had two consequences for Wordsworth. First it turned him away from the long poems on which he had laboured since his Cambridge days. These included poems of social protest like Salisbury plain, loco - descriptive poems such as an Evening walk and Descriptive sketches, and the Borderers, a blank - verse tragedy exploring the psychology of guilt. Stimulated  by Coleridge and under the healing influences of nature and his sister, Wordsworth began in 1797 - 98 to compose the short lyrical and dramatic poems for which he is best remembered by many readers. Some of these were affectionate tributes to Dorothy, some were tributes to "Nature's holy plan," and some were portraits of simple rural people intended to illustrate basic truths of human nature.

Poetry of Wordsworth:-

William Wordsworth is best known for Lyrical Ballads, co- written with Samuel Taylor Coleridge. He is in favour of simple poetic diction but he himself has not followed his own rule, his poetries are easy to read but not to understand, reader could get the pleasure but not the hidden meaning. Wordsworth was strongly believed that man and nature should be portrayed as they are. He is not always melodies, but he is seldom graceful. He is absolutely without humour. His Notable poems are as below.

• I wandered lonely as Cloud
• The Solitary Reaper
• To a Skylark
• The Rime of Ancient Mariner
• London
• The Prelude
• The World is Too Much with Us
• The Recluse

Lyrical Ballads:-

Lyrical Ballads is most famous work of William Wordsworth. Lyrical Ballads, with a few other poems is a collection of poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, first published in 1798 and generally considered to have marked the beginning of the English Romantic movement in literature. The immediate effect on critics was modest, but it become and remains a landmark, changing the course of English and poetry. Most of the poems in the 1798 edition were written by Wordsworth, with Coleridge contributing only four poems to the collection, including one of his most famous works, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.  In the Preface of Lyrical Ballads Wordsworth explain about what is poet. 

What is poet :-

"Poetry is Man speaking to men, endowed with more lively Sensibility, more enthusiasm and tenderness, who has a greater knowledge of human being nature, and a more comprehensive soul, who rejoices, more than other men in the spirit of life, habitually impelled to creative volitions, passions and situations where he does not find them."

So what is poet is man speaking to men. Which means poet although the Romantics place a lot of importance on the inherent talent within a person to come up with poetry that kind of a talent is missing in general people but a poet is a person who certainly does not come from any other planet, he is a man speaking to men and then we will find in continuance this observation. Now this is what Wordsworth has to say about what is a poet so the entity called poet is such a human being who is overall in degree a far better human being than ordinary human being.

A second edition was published in 1800, in which Wordsworth including additional poems and a preface detailing the Pair's avowed poetical principles. For another edition, published in 1802, Wordsworth added an appendix titled poetic Diction in which he expanded the ideas set forth in the preface. A third edition was published in 1802, with a substantial edition  published in 1805.

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud:-

I Wandered Lonely as clouds are known as "Daffodils". It is a lyrical poem by William Wordsworth. It is one of his most popular and was inspired by a forest encounter on 15 April, 1802 between he, his younger sister Dorothy and a "Long Belt" of Daffodils. Written in 1804, it was first published in 1807 in poems, in Two Volumes, and as a revision in 1815. The poem is based on one of Wordsworth's own walks in the countryside of England's lake District. In the poem, these daffodils have a long - lasting effect on the speaker, firstly in the immediate impression they make and secondly in the way that the image of them comes back to the speaker's mind later on. "I wandered lonely as cloud" is a quintessentially Romantic poem, bringing together key ideas about imagination, humanity and the natural world.

After his longer works his first good book as per critics was selection with short poems, after reading these poems we come to know that Wordsworth is the greatest nature poet that ever has been produced by our literature. No other poet has described. He had a strong belief that all nature is the reflection of the living God, all his contemporary writers like Cowper, Burns, Keats, and Tennyson were providing the out ward aspects of nature in varying degrees but Wordsworth gives you her very life, and the experience of man with the nature. While reading his poetry the reader could feel the touch of nature, the experience of wonderland and memory of our own childhood. 

Wordsworth on Man, on Nature, and on Human life :-

On Man, on Nature, and on Human life, the triple phrase is familiar to us all as the theme of Wordsworth's vast projected poem" The Recluse". Wordsworth's philosophy towards human life is very simple that man is not apart from nature, but is the very "life of her life". Wordsworth has connected birth nature and he expressed this gladness with poetry that the child comes straight from the creator of nature:

"Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting:

The soul that rises with us, our life's star,

But trailing cloud of glory do we come

From God, who is our home"

These lines are from William Wordsworth's highly philosophical poem "Ode: Intimation of Immortality" from recollections of Early Childhood. While accounting for the loss of the childhood vision in Manhood, the poet refers to the transition of the human soul from heaven to Earth.  No other poet ever found such abundant beauty in the common world. He had not only sight, but insight, that is he not only sees clearly and describes accurately, but penetrates to the heart of things and always finds some exquisite meaning that is not written on the surface. It is idle to specify or to quote lines on flowers or stars, on snow or vapour. Nothing is ugly or commonplace in his world; on the contrary, there is hardly one natural phenomenon which he has not glorified by pointing out some beauty that was hidden from our eyes.

The truth of Humanity, that is, the common life which labour and loves and shares the general heritage of smiles and tears, is the only subject of permanent literary interest. Burns and the early poets of the Revival began the good work of showing the romantic interest of common life; and Wordsworth continued it in 'Michael', 'The Solitary Reaper ', 'To a Highland Girl', 'Stepping Westward', The Excursion, and a score of lesser poems. Joy and sorrow, not of princes or heroes, but 'in widest commonalty spread' , are his themes; and the hidden purpose of many of his poems is to show that the keynote of all life is happiness not an occasional thing, the result of chance or circumstance, but a heroic thing, to be won, as one would win any other success, by work and patience.

In 1843 Wordsworth was named poet Laureate of England, though by this time he had for the most part quit composing verse. He revised and rearranged his poems, published various editions, and entertained literary guests and friends. When he died in 1850, he had for some years been venerated as a sage, his most ardent detractors glossing over the radical origins of his poetics and politics.

Conclusion:-

Thus, we can say that Throughout his life Wordsworth remained a true interpreter of nature to humanity. It is comforting to know that his life, noble, sincere, never contradicted his message. Poetry was his life, his soul was in all his work; and only by reading what he has written can we understand the Man.

Thank you for reading this Assignment.

Word count:-  1,810

Image :- 3

References:-

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Lyrical Ballads". Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 Jan. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lyrical-Ballads. Accessed 6 November 2022.

Howard, James. "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud." LitCharts. LitCharts LLC, 23 Jan 2019. Web. 6 Nov 2022.

McFarland, Thomas. “Wordsworth on Man, on Nature, and on Human Life.” Studies in Romanticism, vol. 21, no. 4, 1982, pp. 601–18. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/25600396. Accessed 6 Nov. 2022.

W. J. Long, English Literature. Sahitya Sarowar.

Parrish, Stephen Maxfield. "William Wordsworth". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Wordsworth. Accessed 6 November 2022.

Assignment Paper no. 104 ( Literature of the Victorians )

• Name:- Payal Bambhaniya

• Batch :- M.A. Sem.1 ( 2022 - 2024 )

• Roll no. :- 16

• Paper no. & Name :- 104 - Literature of the Victorians 

• Assignment Topic:- Characters Study of the Play 'The Importance of Being Earnest'

• Subject code no. :- 22395

• Enrollment no. :- 4069206420220002

• Email Id :- payalbambhaniya92@gmail.com

• Submitted to:- Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English, MKBU.

Introduction:-

Character can be defined as any person or other being in a narrative such as a novel, play, television series or film. The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real life person in which case the distinction of a 'fictional' versus 'real' character maybe made. There are many types of characters that exist in literature, each with its own development and function. The general purpose of characters is to extend the plot. Many stories employ multiple types of characters. There are many ways to categorise main characters: protagonist or antagonist, dynamic or static character. The study of a character requires an Analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work. Here I discuss characters of the play The Importance of Being Earnest. 

About Writer:-

Oscar Wilde ( 1854 - 1900 ):-

Oscar Wilde was an Irish poet and Dramatist. Wilde was born of professional and literary parents. His father, Sir William Wilde, was Ireland's leading ear and surgeon, who also published books on archaeology, folklore, and the satirist Jonathan Swift. He was a spokesman for the late 19th century Aesthetic movement in England, which advocated art for art's shake, and he was object of celebrated civil and criminal suits involving homosexuality and ending in his imprisonment. His Notable works are below.

• A Woman of No Importance
• Lady Windermere's Fan
• The Importance of Being Earnest
• The picture of Dorian Gray
• Salome 

The Importance of Being Earnest:-

The Importance of Being Earnest in full The Importance of Being Earnest: A trivial Comedy for Serious People. It is a play and it's divided into three acts by Oscar Wilde. It was performed in 1895 and published in 1899. It is a Farcical Comedy in which the protagonists maintain fictitious persona to escape burdensome social obligations. A satire of Victoria social hypocrisy, the witty play is considered Wilde's greatest dramatic achievements. Jack Worthing is athe protagonist of the play. He is a Fashionable Young man who leads a double life. He lives in the country with his ward, Cecily Cardew. He has invested in a rakhish brother named Ernest whose supposed exploits give Jack an excuse to travel to London periodically to rescue him. Jack is in love with Gwendolen Fairfax, the Cousin of his friend Algernon Moncrieff. Gwendolen, who thinks Jack's name is Earnest, returns his love, but her mother, Lady Bracknell, objects to their marriage because Jack is an orphan who was found in a handbag at Victoria station. Jack impersonates Earnest in order to woo Cecily, who has always been in love with the imaginary rogue Ernest. Ultimately it is revealed that Jack is really Lady Bracknell's Nephew, and that Algernon is actually his brother. The play ends with both couples happily United. Characters of the play are below.

• Jack Worthing
• Algernon Moncrieff
• Gwendolen Fairfax
• Cecily Cardew
• Lady Bracknell
• Miss Prism
• Canon Chasuble
• Merriman

Character of Jack Worthing:-

Jack Worthing is the protagonist of the play. He has grown up to be a seemingly responsible and respectable young man, a major landowner and justice of the peace in Hertfordshire, where he has a country estate. In Hertfordshire, where he has a country estate. In Hertfordshire, where he is known by what he imagines to be his real name. Jack, he is a pillar of the community.

Jack Worthing is a guardian to Mr. Cardew's granddaughter, Cicely and has other duties and people who depend on him. For years, he has also pretended to have an irresponsible younger brother named Ernest, whom he is always having to bail out of some mischief. In fact, he himself is the reprobate brother  of Earnest.

Ernest is the name Jack goes by in London, where he really goes on these occasions. More than any other character in the play. Jack Worthing represents conventional Victorian values: he wants others to think he adheres to such notions as duty, honor, and respectability. But he Hypocritically flouts those very notions. Indeed, what wilde was actually satirizing through Jack Was the general tolerance for hypocrisy in conventional Victorian morality. Jack uses his alter-ego Ernest enables Jack to escape the boundaries of his real identity. Ernest provides a convenient excuse and disguise for Jack and Jack feels no qualms about involving Ernest whenever necessary.

Jack wants to be seen as upright and moral. But he doesn't care what lies he has to tell his loved ones in order to be able to misbehave. Though Ernest has always been Jack's unsavory alter ego, as the play progresses Jack must aspire to become Ernest, in name if not behaviour. Untill he seeks to marry Gwendolen, Jack has used Ernest as an escape from real life, but Gwendolen's fixation on the name Ernest obligates Jack to embrace his deception in order to pursue the real life he desires. Jack has always managed to get what he wants by using Ernest as his fallback. And his lie eventually threatens to undo him. Though Jack never really gets his comeuppance. He must scramble to reconcile his two worlds in order to get what he ultimately desires and to fully understand who he is. So the whole play is based on this character. Thus, we can say that Jack Worthing's character is most important in the play The Importance of Being Earnest.

Character of Gwendolen Fairfax :-

Gwendolen Fairfax is a female character in the play. Gwendolen suggests the qualities of conventional Victorian womanhood. She is artificial and pretentious. Gwendolen is in love with Jack. Whom she knows as Ernest and she is fixed on this name. This preoccupation serves as a metaphor for the preoccupation of the Victorian middle and upper middle classes with the appearance of virtue and honor. Gwendolen is so caught up in finding a husband named Ernest, whose name, she says, "inspires absolute confidence", that she can't even see that the man calling himself Ernest is fooling her with an extensive deception. In this way, her own image consciousness blurs her judgement.

Though more self consciously intellectual than Lady Bracknell, Gwendolen is cut from very much the same Cloth as her mother. She is similarly strong minded and speaks with unassailable authority on matters of taste and morality, just as Lady Bracknell does. She is both a model and an arbiter of elegant fashion and sophistication. And nearly everything she says and does is calculated for effect. As Jack fears, Gwendolen does indeed show signs of becoming her mother " in about a hundred and fifty years", but she is likeable, as is Lady Bracknell, because her pronunciation is so outrageous. So, we can say that the character of Gwendolen Fairfax is important in the play.

Character of Cecily Cardew:-

Cecily Cardew is another female character of the play. If Gwendolen is a product of London high society, Cecily is its antithesis. She is a child of nature, as ingenious and unspoiled as a pink rose, to which Algernon compares her in Act II. Her ingenuity is believed by her fascination with wickedness. She is obsessed with the name Ernest just as Gwendolen is, but wickedness is primarily what leads her to fall in love with Uncle Jack's brother, whose reputation is wayward enough to intrigue her like Algernon and Jack, she is a Fantasist. She has invented her romance with Ernest and elaborated it with as much artistry and enthusiasm as the men have their spurious obligations and secret identities. 

Though she does not have an alter ego as vivid or developed as Bunbury or Ernest, her claim that she and Algernon/Ernest are already engaged is rooted in the fantasy world she's created around Ernest. Cecily is probably the most realistically drawn character in the play, and she is the only character who does not speak in epigrams. Her charm lies in her idiosyncratic cast of mind and her imaginative capacity, qualities that derive from wilde's notion of life as a work of art. These elements of her personality make her a perfect mate for Algernon.

Character of Algernon Moncrieff :-

The play's secondary hero. Algernon is a charming , idle, decorative bachelor, nephew of Lady Bracknell, Cousin of Gwendolen Fairfax, and best friend of Jack Worthing. Whom he has known for years as Ernest. Algernon is brilliant, witty, selfish, amoral, and given to making delightful paradoxical. He has invented a fictional friend, "Bunbury", an invalid whose frequent sudden relapse allow Algernon to wriggle out of unpleasant or dull social obligations.

Character of Miss Prism:-

Miss Prism is Cecily's governess. Miss Prism is an endless source of pedantic bromides and cliches. She highly approves of Jack's presumed respectability and harshly criticizes his "unfortunate" brother. Puritan though she is, Miss prism's severe pronouncements have a way of going so far over the top that they inspire laughter. Despite her rigidity, Miss Prism seems to have a softer side. She speaks of having once written a novel whose manuscript was "lost" or abandoned. Also, she entertains romantic feelings for Dr. Chasuble.

Character of Lady Bracknell:-

Lady Bracknell is Algernon's aunt and Gwendolen's mother. Lady Bracknell married well, and her primary goal in life is to see her Daughter do the same. She has a list of "eligible young men" and a prepared interview she gives to potential suites. Like her nephew, Lady Bracknell is given to making hilarious pronouncements, but where Algernon means to be witty, the humour in Lady Bracknell's speeches is unintentional. Through the figure of lady Bracknell, wilde manages satirizes the hypocrisy and stupidity of the British aristocrat. Lady Bracknell values ignorance, which she sees as a delicate exotic fruit. When she gives a dinner party. She prefers her husband to eat downstairs with the servants. She is cunning, narrow- minded. Authoritarian and possibly the most quotable character in the play. So, we can say that character of Lady Bracknell is also important in the play. So all the above characters are major characters in the play Jude the Obscure and other are minor.

Conclusion:-

Thus, we can say that Jack Worthing's character plays a very vital role in the play The Importance of Being Earnest. Both the female characters are also very important in the play. The whole story goes around these characters. So these all characters are very important in the play The Importance of Being Earnest. 

Thank you for reading this Assignment.

Word count :- 1,774

Image :- 8

References:-

Beckson, Karl. "Oscar Wilde". Encyclopedia Britannica, 12 Oct. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Oscar-Wilde. Accessed 5 November 2022.

Campodonico, Christina. "The Importance of Being Earnest Characters." LitCharts. LitCharts LLC, 14 Apr 2014. Web. 5 Nov 2022.

Assignment Paper No. 103 ( Literature of Romantic )

• Name:- Payal Bambhaniya

• Batch:- M. A. Sem. 1 ( 2022 - 2024 )

• Roll no. :- 16

• Paper no. & Name :- 103 - Literature of the Romantics 

• Assignment Topic :- Biography of Jane Austen 

• Subject code no. :- 22394

• Enrollment number :- 4069206420220002

• Email Id :- payalbambhaniya92@gmail.com

• Submitted to :- Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English, MKBU.

Introduction of Jane Austen:-

Jane Austen ( 1775 - 1817 ) was an English Novelist known primarily for her six major Novels, which interpret, critique and comment upon the British landed gentry at the end of the 18th century. We have so lately rediscovered the charm and genius of this gifted young women that she seems to be a novelist of Coleridge; and few even of her readers realize that she did for the English novel precisely what the Lake poets did for English poetry - she refined and simplified it, making it a true reflection of English life. 

Life:-

Jane Austen was born in the Hampshire village of Stevenson, where her father, the Reverend George Austen, was rector. She was the second daughter and seventh child in a family of eight - six boys and two girls. Her closest companion throughout her life was her elder sister, Cassandra; neither Jane nor Cassandra married. Their father was a scholar who encouraged the love of learning in his children. His wife, Cassandra, was a woman of ready wit, famed for her impromptu verses and stories. The great family amusement was acting. 

She began to write at an early age, and seems to have done her work on a little table in  family sitting room, in the midst of the family life. When a visitor entered, she would throw a paper or a piece of sewing over her work, and she modestly refused to be known as the author of novels which we now count among our treasured possessions. With the publishers she had little success. Pride and Prejudice went begging, as we have said, for sixteen years; and Northanger Abbey was sold for a trivial sum to a publisher, who laid it aside and forgot it, until the appearance and moderate success of sense and sensibility in 1811. Then, after keeping the manuscript some fifteen years, he sold it back to the family, who found another publisher. 

An anonymous article in the Quarterly Review, following the appearance of Emma in 1815, full of generous appreciation of the charm of the new writer, was the beginning of Jane Austen's fame; and it is only within a few years that we have learned that the friendly and discerning critic was Walter Scott. He continued to be her admirer untill her early death; but these two, the greatest writers of fiction in their age, were never brought together. Both were home - loving people, and Miss Austen especially was averse to publicity and popularity. She died, quietly as she had lived, at Winchester, in 1817, and was buried in the cathedrals.

Writing style and Characteristics of Jane Austen:-

Jane Austen's distinctive literary style relies on a combination of Parody, burlesque, irony, free indirect speech and a degree of realism. She uses Parody and burlesque for comic effect and to critique the portrayal of women in 18th century sentimental and Gothic novels.

Jane Austen's Novels have a number of distinctive features that make her work stand out from other literature of the time. Some recognisable characteristics and themes of Austen's work include:

1.Language and Gender : Austen's dialogue is written in the colloquial speech style of the time, capturing the realism of the way that people communicated when navigating the nuances of society. Many of Jane's Narratives center around gender constructs. Her novels focus specifically on what it means to a woman living in a period of repression and rigid social expectations of Proper female behavior.

2. Romantic comedy: Most of Jane's writing is a blend of romance and comedy, with many of her stories like Mansfield park and Emma - ending in engagements or an assumption that the romantic leads get married and live happily ever after.

3. Class and Morality: From Mansfield park, to Sense and Sensibility, to Northanger Abbey, many of Jane Austen's stories being with young, middle class or working class women being sent to live with wealthy relatives or neighbours, opening up a whole new social and romantic world to these young heroines. Jane Austen's Characters - like the irreverent Elizabeth Bennet of Pride and Prejudice - struggle with acting in accordance with their society.

Works :-

Very few English writers ever had so narrow a field of work as Jane Austen. Like the French novelists, whose success seems to lie in choosing the tiny field that they know best, her works have an exquisite perfection that is lacking in most of our writers of fiction. With the expectation of an occasional visit to the watering place of Bath, her whole life was spent in small county parishes, whose simple country people become the characters of her novels. Her brothers were in the Navy, and so naval officers furnish the only existing elements in her stories; but even these alleged heroes lay aside their imposing martial ways and act like themselves and other people. Such was her literary field, in which the chief duties were of the household, the chief pleasures in county gatherings, and the chief interests in matrimony. Life, with its mighty interest, passions, ambitions, and tragic struggles, swept by a great river; while the secluded interests of a country parish went round and round quietly, like an Eddy behind a sheltering rock. We can easily understand, therefore, the limitations of Jane Austen; but within her own field she is unequalled. Her characters are absolutely true to life, and all her work has the perfection of a delicate miniature painting. Her Six major works are below.

• Pride and Prejudice
• Sense and sensibility
• Northanger Abbey
• Mansfield Park
• Emma
• Persuasion

Pride and prejudice :-

"It was a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife."

                      - Jane Austen

Pride and Prejudice is a romantic novel. It was a published anonymously in three volumes in 1813. A classic of English literature, written with incisive wit and superb Character delineation, it centres on the turbulent relationship between Elizabeth Bennet, the daughter of a country gentleman, and Fitzwilliam Darcy, a rich aristocratic landowner. It contains 61 chapters. Although Austen shows them intrigued by each other, she reverses the convention of "first impressions": "pride" of rank and fortune and "prejudice" against the inferiority of the Bennet family hold Darcy aloof, while Elizabeth is equally fired both by the "pride" of self - respect and by "prejudice" against Darcy's snobbery. Ultimately, they come together in love and self understanding. The intelligent and high-spirited Elizabeth was Jane Austen's own favourite among all her heroines and is one of the most engaging in English literature.

The work, which Austen initially titled First Impressions, is the second of four novels that Austen published during her lifetime. Although pride and Prejudice has been criticized for its lack of historical context, the existence of its characters in a social context that is rarely entered by events beyond it is an accurate portrayal of the enclosed social world in which Austen lived. She depicted that world, in all its own narrow pride and prejudice, with unswerving accuracy and satire. 

Sense and sensibility:-

Sense and sensibility tells the story of the impoverished Dashwood sisters. Marianne is the heroine of "Sense and Sensibility". She becomes infatuated with the attractive John Willoughby, who seems to be a romantic lovers but is in reality an unscrupulous fortune hunter. He deserts her for an heiress, leaving her to learn a dose of "sense" in a wholly unromantic marriage with a staid and settled bachelor, Colonel Brandon, who is 20 years her senior. By contrast, Marianne's older sister, Elinor, is the guiding light of "sense" or predence and discretion, whose constancy towards her lover, Edward Ferrars, is rewarded by her marriage to him after some distressing vicissitudes.

Mansfield park :-

In its tone and discussion of religion and religious duty, Mansfield park is the most serious of Austen's Novels. The heroine is Fanny price, is a self - effacing and unregarded cousin cared for by the Bertram family in their country house. Fanny emerges as a true heroine whose moral strength eventually wins her complete acceptance in the Bertram family and marriage to Edmund Bertram himself, after that family's disastrous involvement with the meretricious and loose living Crawford.

The most widely read of her novels is Pride and prejudice; but three others, Sense and Sensibility, Emma, and Mansfield park, have slowly won their way to the front rank of fiction. From a literary viewpoint Northanger Abbey is perhaps the best; for in it we find that touch of humour and delicate satire with which this gentle little woman combated the grotesque popular novels of the Udolpho type. Reading any of these works, one is inclined to accept the hearty endorsement of sir Walter Scott: "That Young lady has a talent for describing the involvements and feelings and characters of ordinary life which is to me the most wonderful I ever met with. The big bow- wow strain I can do myself, like any now going; but the exquisite touch which renders ordinary commonplace things and Characters interesting from the truth of the description and characters interesting from the truth of the description and the sentiment, is denied to me. What a pity such a gifted creature died so early."

Conclusion:-

Thus, we can say that she was a bright, attractive little woman, whose sunny qualities are unconsciously reflected in all her books. Jane Austen's life gives little opportunity for the biographers, unless, perchance, he has something of her power to show the beauty and charm of common

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References:-

Southam, Brian C.. "Jane Austen". Encyclopedia Britannica, 29 Sep. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jane-Austen. Accessed 4 November 2022.

W. J. Long, English Literature. Sahitya Sarowar.

Assignment Paper no. 102 ( Literature of the Neo - Classical Period )

• Name :- Payal Bambhaniya

• Batch :- M.A. sem. 1 ( 2022 - 2024 )

• Roll no. :- 16

• Paper no. & Name :- 102 ( Literature of the Neo - Classical Period )

• Assignment Topic:- Thematic Study of 'A Tale of a Tub'

• Subject Code no. :- 22393

• Enrollment no. :- 4069206420220002

• Emai Id :- payalbambhaniya92@gmail.com

• Submitted to :- Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English, MKBU.

Introduction:-

A theme is the general message or statement about a subject that all the elements of a story or a poem work together to develop. Without a unifying theme, a story contains only arbitrary events and Characters. Theme is specially essential to give your Characters and events meaning, a meaning that often leads to great spiritual and emotional involvement and released by an audience. Theme functions make a story or poem meaningful. Great themes create great drama. So, In the literature themes are very important.

Jonathan Swift ( 1667 - 1745 ):-

Jonathan Swift was an Anglo - Irish satirist, author, Essayist, political Pamphleteer, poet and Anglican Cleric. He was the foremost prose satirist in the English language. Jonathan Swift was born in Dublin, Ireland. The son of an English Lawyer, he grew up there in the care of his uncle before attending Trinity College at the age of fourteen, where he stayed for seven years, graduating in 1688. In that year he became the secretary for Sir William Temple, an English politician and member of the Whig party. In 1694, he took religious orders in the church of Ireland and then spent a year as a country parson. He had begun to write satires on the political and religious corruption surrounding him, working on A Tale of Tub, which supports the position of the Anglican Church against its critics on the left and the right, and The Battle of the Books, which argues for the supremacy of the classics against Modern thought and literature. He also wrote a number of political pamphlets in favour of the Whig party. His Notable works are below.

• A Modest Proposal
• Gulliver's Travels
• A Tale of a Tub
• The Journal to Stella
• The Lady's Dressing Room

A Tale of Tub :-

A Tale of a Tub was the first major work written by Jonathan Swift, composed between 1694 and 1697 and published in 1704. It is arguably his most difficult satire, and perhaps his best work. The Tale is a prose parody divided into sections of "digression" and a "tale" of three brothers, each representing one of the main branches of Western Christianity. A satire on the Roman catholic and Anglican churches and English Dissenters, it was famously attacked for its profanity and irreligion, starting with William Wotton, who wrote that it made a game of "God and Religion, Truth and moral Honesty, learning and industry to show at the bottom contemptible opinion of every Thing which is called Christianity. The work continued to be regarded as an attack on religion well into the nineteenth century.

The Tale was enormously popular, presenting both a satire of religious excess and a parody of contemporary writing in literature, politics, theology, its comically excessive front matter and series of digressions throughout. The overwhelming parody is of enthusiasm, pride and credulity. At the time it was written, politics and religion were still closely linked in England, and the religious and political aspects of the satire can often hardly be separated. "The work made Swift notorious, and was widely misunderstood, especially by Queen Anne herself who mistook its purpose for profanity.  It effectively disbarred it's author from proper preference in the church of England, but is considered in the church of England, but is considered one of Swift's best allegories, even by himself. Themes of A Tale of Tub are as below.

True Christianity Adheres to the Bible:-

In the narrative portions of A Tale of Tub, Swift Makes a claim about the true practice of Christianity by satirizing the various false alternatives. In altering their coats and deviating from their father's will, the three brothers in the story to various degrees are rejecting the Bible as the overarching guide to church doctrine and discipline. By showing these alterations as both wicked and frivolous, Swift suggests that the brothers are debasing themselves with every step they take away from the authority of scripture. Conversely, Swift prices any effort to mend the coats according to the father's will. This back and forth reveals the differences in the three major branches of contemporary western Christianity as Swift understands them. Peter, the brother who represents the catholic tradition, initiates most of the changes the three brothers make to their coats. 

His main doctrinal error, as presented by Swift, is his insistence that he can exercise a teaching authority on par with the Bible - that his pronouncements can rival, modify, or even displace what is plainly stated in church has long stressed the complementarity of scripture and "Sacred tradition", according the pope a special role in interpreting and reconciling both. As a satirist, thought, Swift somewhat exaggerates the extent to which the papacy saw itself as authorised to negate or alter scripture. For Catholics, sacred tradition supports some practices and doctrines not explicitly given in the Bible, but it authorises nothing that actually clashes with scripture. 

Swift writes more admiringly of Martin, who represents Martin Luther and by extension the mainline Protestant tradition that Luther is credited with founding. The Lutheran tradition holds to a principal known as Sola scripture, meaning that the Bible is the only infallible authority by which Christian doctrines and practices can be justified. Tradition, in the Lutheran view, is strictly subordinate to the Bible; it is not a separate "pillar" of faith as it is in catholic teaching. The church retains a role as the interpreter of the Bible, but significant catholic concepts such as purgatory are dismissed as having no basis in scripture. Since Swift seems to praise the Sola scriptura viewpoint, one might expect him to endorse Jack's reforms even more enthusiastically than Martin's. In chapter 11, Swift argues that there are limits to how much and how exclusively a Christian should rely on scripture. 

He specifically mocks Jack for using his father's will not only as a guide to moral conduct and religious practices, but as a nightcap, an umbrella, a bandage, and even a kind of medicine. The point here seems to be that even the Bible has its limits: it is a moral and religious guide, not one of the encyclopedias or compendia that Swift enjoyed ridiculing. From the established Protestant point of view Swift writes from, the more aggressive reformers were taking Sola scripture too far, treating the Bible as a source of worldly advice - like a cookbook or a medical treatise - and cheapening God's word in the process.

Only Moderation can Fix Excess :-

Beneath the specificity of its religious satire, A Tale of a Tub is a Goldilocks - like cautionary tale about the dangers of immoderate reform. Pater, who represents the catholic Church, doubles down on the errors that he and his brothers introduce into their Christian practice. When Martin and Jack part ways with Peter in chapter 4, they are naturally eager to avoid a way of life that has turned their older brother into a mad tyrant. To them, reform is both a survival mechanism - they don't want to end up like peter - and a moral imperative: they feel guilty for having disobeyed their late father all these years. Yet by showing Martin as wise and cool headed while lampooning Jack as a cultist and lunatic, Swift suggests that reform taken too can be just as bad as no reform at all. 

Martin repairs his coat in a way that suggests that he is aware of both the necessity and the dangers of reform. He undoes the false embroidery stitch by stitch, proceedings as slowly and painstakingly as he deems necessary. As a result, the underlying coat - the pure, ancient religion he is trying to recover after a millennium of corruption - survives intact but slightly modified because he cannot remove all the alterations without destroying the original fabric. Jack, in taking a more extreme and less deliberate path of reform, ends up destroying the thing he claims to be purifying. He gets rid of Peter's excess but introduces his own kind of excess in the process. If, for Swift, an authentically biblical Christianity represents the " straight and narrow", then there are equally hazardous pitfalls on both sides of the path. In Swift's view, neither the complacency of peter nor the reactionary zeal of Jack forms a good basis for a Christian life.

Swift's call for moderation echoes throughout the narative "Digressions" as well, where he ventures critical opinions concerning writing and literary criticism - not to mention government, fashion, and other topics of popular debate. In writing, Swift mocks those who rush headlong into every new fad, producing works that have long - winded prefaces, dozens of dedicates, and a general overgrowth of stylistic flourishes. But Swift satirizes with equal glee those critics who descend on this new, mediocre writing like rats on cheese or wasps on fruit. Since, by his own admission, he is out to amuse more than to instruct, Swift does not delve too far into what a sincere and productive mode of literary criticism might look like. He makes it abundantly clear, however, that the obsessively fault - finding critic is just as bad an offender and deserving of his sharp satire as the inept writer of poetry or fiction.

Conclusion:-

The theme that Swift explores in A Tale of a Tub is True Christianity Adheres to the Bible. In Altering their Father's will, the three brothers - Jack, Martin and Peter in the story to various degrees are rejecting the Bible as the overarching guide and discipline. Each brother represents one of the primary branches of Christianity in the west.

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References:-

Quintana, Ricardo and Luebering, J.E.. "Jonathan Swift". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Nov. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jonathan-Swift. Accessed 3 November 2022.

Course Hero. "A Tale of a Tub Study Guide." Course Hero. 6 Dec. 2019. Web. 3 Nov. 2022. <https://www.coursehero.com/lit/A-Tale-of-a-Tub/>.

Assignment Paper no. 101 ( Literature of Elizabethan and Restoration period )

• Name:- Payal Bambhaniya

• Batch :- M.A. Sem.1 ( 2022 - 2024 )

• Roll no. :- 16

• Paper No. & Name :- 101 - Literature of Elizabethan and Restoration period 

• Assignment Topic :- Thematic Study of 'Macbeth'

• Subject Code No. :- 22392

• Enrollment No. :- 4069206420220002

• Email Id :- payalbambhaniya@gmail.com

• Submitted to :- Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English, MKBU.

Introduction:-

A theme  is the general message or statement  about a subject that all the elements of a story or a poem work together to develop. Without a unifying theme, a story contains only arbitrary events and Characters. Theme is specially essential to give your Characters and events meaning, a meaning that often leads to great spiritual or emotional involvement and released by an audience. Theme functions make a story or poem meaningful. Great themes create great drama. So, In the literature themes are very important.

About Writer :-

William Shakespeare ( 1564-1616 ):-

William Shakespeare was an English Playwright, Poet and Actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist. He is also called England's national poet. Shakespeare occupies a position Unique in world Literature. Other poets, such as Homer and Dante, and novelists, such as Leo Tolstoy and Charles Dickens, have transcended national barriers, but no writer's living reputation can compare to that of Shakespeare, whose plays, written in the late 16th and early 17th centuries for a small repertory theatre, are now performed and read more often and in more countries than ever before. 

His works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 Sonnets, three long narrative poems, and a few other verses. His plays have been translated into every major language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. His Notable works are below.

• Hamlet
• King Lear
• Macbeth
• Romeo and Juliet
• Othello
• The Tempest
• Midsummer Night's Dream
• As you Like It

Macbeth:-

William Shakespeare's Macbeth is one of the most iconic Character ever created. It is a Famous Tragedy of William Shakespeare. It is based on the history of Scotland. A brave Scottish general named Macbeth receives a prophecy from a trio of witches that one day he will become king of Scotland. Consumed by Ambition and spurred to action by his wife, Macbeth murders King Duncan and takes the Scottish throne for himself. He is then wracked with guilt and paranoia. Forced to commit more and more murders to protect himself from enmity and suspicion, he soon becomes a tyrannical ruler. The bloodbath and consequent civil war swiftly take Macbeth into the realms of madness and death. Themes of the play are below.

From ambition to guilt, the themes of Macbeth contribute to its standing as one of Shakespeare's greatest tragedies. Themes, or underlying ideas throughout a work of literature, add layers of meaning to Macbeth. Studying them will give you a deepar understanding of this important literary work.

Ambition:-

One of  the strongest Themes in Macbeth is Ambition. The weird sisters or three witches' Prophecies spur both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth to try to fullfill their ambitions, but the Witches never make Macbeth or his wife do anything. Macbeth and his wife act on their own to fulfil their deepest desires. Macbeth, a good general and by all accounts before the action of the play , a good man, allows his ambition to overwhelm him and becomes a murdering, paranoid maniac. Lady Macbeth, once she begins to put into actions the once hidden thoughts of her mind, is crushed by guilt.

Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth want to be great and powerful, and sacrifice their morals to achieve that goal. By contrasting these two characters with others in the play, such as Banquo, Duncan and Macduff, who also want to be great leaders but refuse to allow ambition to come before honor, Macbeth shows how naked ambition, freed from any sort of moral or social conscience, ultimately takes over every other characteristic of a person. Unchecked ambition, Macbeth suggests, can never be fulfilled, and therefore quickly grows into a monster that will destroy anyone who gives into it.

Guilt :-

Guilt is one of the most significant themes in Macbeth since the play deals directly with murder and other crimes. Macbeth's guilt over the murder of Duncan and Banquo leads him to commit more crimes in order to cover up his acts. He is tormented by the guilt and concern over the consequences of his actions and loses his grasp on reality. Lady Macbeth also feels guilty for her role in these crimes, and she tries to explain it away and give herself a clean slate: "What's done cannot be undone. She is unable to clear her conscience and continues to be tormented. She begins to go insane. When she speaks one of the most famous lines in the play, "Out, damned spot! Out, I say! "she is sleepwalking and dreaming that the blood of the king is on her hands and cannot be washed away.

The Fact that both characters suffer torment as a result of their actions suggests neither Macbeth nor his wife is entirely cold - blooded. Although they commit terrible crimes, they know, on some level, the what they have done is wrong. Their guilt prevents them from fully enjoying the power they craved. Lady Macbeth says What's done cannot be undone in Act five scene one, but her guilt continues to torment her. While Macbeth's guilt causes him to commit further murders in an attempt cover up his initial crimes, Lady Macbeth guilt drives her to insanity, and finally suicide. Thus , we can say that guilt is another important theme in the play.

The Great Chain of Being:-

The Great Chain of Being is another important theme of the play Macbeth. Elizabethan believed that God set out an order for everything in the universe. This was known as the Great Chain of Being. On Earth, God created a social order for everybody and chose words, the king and queen were in charge because God put them there and they were only answerable to God. The Great Chain of Being includes everything from God and the angles at the top, to humans, animals, plants, rocks and minerals at the bottom. Humans are pretty much in the middle, being mostly mortal, or made of spirit. The theory Started with the Greek philosopher Aristotle and Plato, but was a basic assumption of life in Elizabethan England. 

This theme is a major influence on Macbeth. Macbeth disturbs the murdering the king and stealing the throne. This throws all of nature into uproar, including a story related by an old man that the horses in their stables went mad and ate each other, a symbol of unnatural  happiness. In Macbeth, the theme of the great chain of being - the whole concept of hierarchy in society is said to be in the play. It is evident that society starts to break down and everything is in disorder.

Fate :-

Would Macbeth have become King had he not chosen his murderous path? This question brings into play the matters of fate and free will. The witches predict that he would become Thane of Cawdor, and soon after he is anointed with him. The witches shows Macbeth his future and his fate, but Duncan's murder is a matter of Macbeth's own free will, and after Duncan's assassination, the further assassination are a matter of his own planning. This also applies to the other visions the witches conjure for Macbeth: he sees them as a sign of his invincibility and acts accordingly, but they actually anticipate his demise.

The Relationship Between Cruelty and Masculinity:-

Characters in the play Macbeth frequently dwell on issues of gender. Lady Macbeth manipulates her husband by questioning his manhood. Wishes that she herself could be unsexed. And does not contradict Macbeth when he says that a woman like her should give birth only to boys. In the same manner that Lady Macbeth goads her husband on to murder. Macbeth provokes the murderers he hired to kill Banquo by questioning their manhood. Such acts show that both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth equate Masculinity with naked aggression, and whenever they converse about manhood. Violence soon follows.

Their understanding of manhood allows the political order depicted in the play to descend into chaos. At the same time, however, the audience cannot help noticing that women are also sources of violence and evil. The witches's Prophecies spark Macbeth 's ambitions and then encourages his violent behavior, Lady Macbeth provides the brains and the will behind her husband's plotting: and the only divine being to appear is hecate, the goddess of witchcraft. Macbeth traces the root of chaos and evil to women, which has led some critics to argue that this is Shakespeare's most misogynistic play.

The male characters are just as violent and prone to evil as the women, the aggression of the female characters is more striking because it goes against prevailing expectations of how women ought to behave. Lady Macbeth's behaviour certainly shows that women can be as ambitious and cruel as men. Whether because of the constraints of her society or because she is not fearless enough to kill, Lady Macbeth relies on deception and manipulation rather than violence to achieve her ends.

The play does put forth a revised and less destructive definition of manhood. In the scene where Macduff learns of the murders of his wife and child. Malcolm consoles him by encouraging him to take the news in manly fashion, by seeking revenge upon Macbeth. Macduff shows the young heir apparent that he has a mistaken understanding of masculinity. At the end of the play, Siward receives news of his son's death rather complacently. Malcolm replies  that he has learned the lesson Macduff gave him on the sentient nature of true masculinity. It also suggests that, with Malcolm's coronation, order will be restored to the Kingdom of Scotland. Thus, we can say that the theme of relationship between Cruelty and Masculinity is important in the play.

Supernatural:-

Another major theme of the play is the supernatural - the idea there are mysterious forces controlling what is happening in our lives. The very first characters we meet are the three witches, and their prophecies drive the story forward. In Shakespeare's time belief in witchcraft was very strong and many so - called witches were burnt at the stake. It is not taken these ideas seriously and felt Macbeth was somehow possessed. The final battle scene also contains many elements of the supernatural. Macbeth believes he is invincible because many of the witches's Prophecies appear impossible to fulfill and yet just as the witches predicted Birnam wood does indeed move to Dunsinane, and Macbeth is killed by Macduff because he is not a woman born. Thus, we can say that the supernatural is an important theme in the play Macbeth.

Conclusion:-

Thus, we can clearly say that the main theme of Macbeth is Ambition and corrupt power. We follow the story of Macbeth, in which we see that he started out as a good and honorable general. But upon hearing the Witches prophecy of becoming king, up. makes Macbeth crave for power and ambition starts to build up.

Thank you for reading this Assignment.

Word count:- 1,865

Image :- 1

References:-

Bevington, David , Brown, John Russell and Spencer, Terence John Bew. "William Shakespeare". Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Shakespeare. Accessed 3 November 2022.

Florman, Ben. "Macbeth Themes." LitCharts. LitCharts LLC, 22 Jul 2013. Web. 3 Nov 2022. Frey, Angelica. "'Macbeth': Themes and Symbols." ThoughtCo, Jan. 29, 2020, thoughtco.com/macbeth-themes-and-symbols-4581247.