Youth Festival - 2023

 Sunday Reading:- Youth Festival - 2023

Hello Readers! This blog is a response to the Sunday Reading assigned by Dr. Dilip Barad sir from the Department of English, MKBU. In this blog I will write my experience about Youth Festival - 2023.

Man Bhavan Yuvak Mahotsav- 2023

The Youth Festival started with an event called Kala Yatra.  The festival ended with a closing ceremony where they announced the winners of different competitions. This year, Kala Yatra happened on November 2, and the Youth Festival took place on November 3, 4, and 5. The theme for this year's Youth Festival was "NARI SHAKTI VANDANA," celebrating the power of women.

Kalayatra :-

In Kala Yatra, over 10 teams joined the Youth Festival. The route went from Samaldas Arts College to J.K Sarvaiya College, passing through places like Central Solt, Atabhai Chowk, Rupani Circle, Sardar Nagar, and Swaminarayan Gurukul. The judges made fair decisions without knowing specific college names, only using assigned code numbers. Each team had a theme, and the top three were declared winners.

 Winners of the Kalayatra of 2023:-

The KPES college, Bhavnagar

Shri Swami sahajanand college of commerce and management, Bhavnagar 

Sardar Patel group of colleges, Bhavnagar

Opening Ceremony:-

On November 3, 2023, from 9:30 to 12:00, there was an Opening Ceremony in the Amphitheatre. Two students from the Life Science Department hosted the event. They started with the University song and welcomed chief guests, including M.M. Trivedi sir, Sagardan Gadhvi, Amiben Upadhyay, Bhartiben Shiyal, and Dr. Hetalben Mehta, the Principal of Swami Sahajanand College.

Here is the video of Opening Ceremony https://www.youtube.com/live/jDLAZemNAN0?si=Pxn3rPhk5PTbTW7C

Varoius Events of the Youth Festival -  2023

Day - 1

Here is a list of First Day competitions with Places:-

• Mimicry (Amphitheatre)
• Ekanki (Atal Auditorium) (1 to 5)
• Bhajan (New Court Hall)
• Skit (Atal Auditorium)
• Tatkal Chitr (Live Drawing) (External Department)
• Prashn Manch (Quiz) (English Department) (Round 1)
• Lok Nritya (Folk Dance) (Amphitheatre)
• Ekanki (Atal Auditorium) (1 to 5)Halvu Kanthy Sangit (Sugam Geet) (New Court Hall)
• Collage (External Department)
• SwRachit Kavya Pathan (Poetry Making) (E
• nglish Department)

Day - 2

Here is a list of Second Day's competitions with Places:-

• Western Song (solo) (Amphitheatre)
• Samuh Geet (Western) (Amphitheatre)
• Ekanki (Atal Auditorium) (6 to 10)Shastriy Gayan (New Court Hall)Prashn Manch (Quiz) (English Department) (Final)
• Lok Geet (Amphitheatre)
• Vaktrutva (Elocution) (New Court Hall)
• Tatkal Photography (External Department)
• Clay Modeling (External Department)
• Shastriy Nritya (Atal Auditorium)
• Shastriya Vadan (Tal Vadhy) (New Court Hall)
• Duha - Chhand (Amphitheatre)
• Mono Acting (Atal Auditorium)
• Mehndi (External Department)
• Cartooning (External Department)
• Poster making (External Department)
• Eassy (English Department)
• Lok Vadya Vrinda (Amphitheatre)
• Shastriya Vadan (Svar Vadhy) (New Court Hall)
• Rangoli (External Department)

Day :- 3

Here is a list of Third Day's competitions with Places:-

• Samuh Geet (Bhartiy) (Amphitheatre)
• Installation (External Department)
• Mime (Atal Auditorium)

Out of the 18 students from the Department of English at Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, two students stood out and received awards. While winning is good, the emphasis was on the significance of participation itself. It was wonderful to see many students actively involved and taking part in various events.

A heartfelt congratulations to Trushali Dodiya for securing the second position in the Rangoli competition and to Dhatri Parmar for achieving the second position in Cartooning. This was a truly proud and great moment for everyone involved.

Congratulations to everyone who participated and the amazing volunteers who played a crucial role, even if they didn't join the festival. The closing ceremony was beautiful, with respected individuals like [Name] as the chief guest and [Name], making the ending truly memorable. Gratitude to all the respected guests who made the ceremony and the entire Youth Festival special. The closing ceremony took place on November 5, 2023, marking the end of a day filled with energetic competitions.

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Derrida and Deconstruction

 Thinking Activity:- Derrida and Deconstruction

Hello Readers! This blog is a response to the Thinking Activity which is assigned by Dr. Dilip Barad sir. In this blog I am going to discuss my understanding about Derrida and Deconstruction and explain few examples of text or advertisement.

Jacques Derrida :-

Jecques Derrida was a french philosopher  who came up with a way of thinking called "Deconstruction" this way of thinking involves analysing how language and ideas work, especially by studying the ideas of other thinkers like Saussure and Heidegger. Derrida is known for his ideas about structuralism and post modern philosophy, even though he didn't like the terms "structuralism" and "postmodernity". He passed away in 2004.

Derrida's early philosophical foundation was rooted in phenomenology, heavily influenced by the teachings of Edmund Husserl. Drawing inspiration from thinkers like Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, and linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, Derrida initially engaged with phenomenological and structuralist frameworks. However, his dissatisfaction with these paradigms, considering them overly simplistic, became apparent. The pivotal turning point in Derrida's intellectual trajectory occurred with his 1966 lecture, "Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences."

Deconstruction:-

Derrida says that ; 

" There will be always free play of meaning. One will never be able to reach towards Centre." 

 Deconstruction is a philosophical approach that questions and challenges traditional ideas about language, meaning, and knowledge. It involves analyzing texts to reveal hidden complexities, contradictions, and multiple interpretations. Deconstruction rejects fixed meanings and explores how concepts are interconnected, challenging binary oppositions and emphasizing the contextual and fluid nature of language and thought.( ChatGPT)

Deconstruction, as a post-structuralist movement, offers a critical examination of the stability and authority traditionally attributed to language. It operates on the premise that meaning is not fixed but is instead subject to a dynamic and contextual play. Post-structuralism, the broader intellectual framework to which deconstruction belongs, is characterized by a questioning of established norms and structures, challenging conventional ideas. Deconstruction, within this context, goes further to unravel and expose the inherent complexities and contradictions within language and systems of thought.

Key Points of Deconstruction:-

Textual Instability:-

Derrida thought that texts are full of contradictions and uncertainties, so their meanings aren't fixed—they can be interpreted in various ways.

Binary Oppositions:-

Deconstruction challenges traditional language pairings, such as good/bad or male/female, by revealing their interdependence rather than self-sufficiency.

Difference:-

Derrida coined "différance," highlighting how meaning in language is always deferred, with words pointing to other words in an ongoing chain of deferred meanings.

Absence of Center:-

Derrida rejected the notion of a fixed, central meaning in texts and encouraged exploring multiple, fluid interpretations instead.

Phonocentricism:-

Derrida criticized the Western preference for spoken language over writing, questioning the perceived superiority of speech in the intellectual tradition.

Logocentricism:-

The concept is linked to the philosophy of language and the Western tradition. Derrida critiques logocentrism, where speech is often deemed superior to writing.

Deconstructing Poem :-

Fire and Ice:-

Some say the world will end in fire,

Some say in ice.

From what I’ve tasted of desire

I hold with those who favor fire.

But if it had to perish twice,

I think I know enough of hate

To say that for destruction ice

Is also great

And would suffice. 

In Robert Frost's poem "Fire and Ice," the speaker talks about how the world might end. Some people think it will end in fire, symbolizing desire and passion, while others believe it will end in ice, representing hate and a cold, calculated approach. The speaker personally leans towards fire because of their experience with desire. The poem explores these contrasting emotions and leaves room for different interpretations about the end of the world.

Binary Opposition:- 

Fire vs. Ice: The poem revolves around the binary opposition of fire and ice as symbols of destruction. Deconstruction involves dismantling this binary to reveal the complexity beneath. Rather than seeing fire and ice as purely opposites, we can question how they might share common elements or shades of meaning.

Multiple Interpretations:-

 Deconstruction emphasizes the polysemy and ambiguity of language. The phrases "some say" and "from what I've tasted" introduce subjectivity and multiplicity. Deconstructing these elements involves recognizing that the poem allows for multiple interpretations, and the meanings of desire and hate are not fixed but contingent on perspective.

Logocentricism:-

In the poem "Fire and Ice" by Robert Frost, logocentrism, a philosophical preference for spoken language over written language, is suggested through the speaker's emphasis on the direct experience of desire over a more calculated approach represented by ice. The poem reflects logocentric tendencies by privileging the immediacy and authenticity associated with spoken expression, particularly in the speaker's preference for the fiery emotion. Deconstruction, however, invites an exploration of how the poem both adheres to and challenges logocentric biases, ultimately questioning fixed meanings and linguistic hierarchies.

In Conclusion, This is all about my understanding of Decoration theory. 

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Queer Theory

Thinking Activity:- Queer Theory:-

Hello Readers! This blog is written in response to the thinking activity assigned by Dr.Dilip Barad sir from the Department of English, MKBU. This blog deals with various western literary theories like Marxism, Feminism, Ecocriticism and Queer theory. In this blog, I will discuss Queer Theory.

Introduction:-

Queer theory is a field of study that critically examines societal norms related to sexuality and gender. It investigates how society defines and enforces norms surrounding concepts such as heterosexuality, homosexuality, and gender and sexual identities. As a branch of gender and sexuality studies, queer theory seeks to deconstruct established notions of acceptability and normalcy. It challenges and disrupts traditional ideas, opening new avenues of thought to redefine concepts central to identity and identity politics.

What is Queer Theory or Term ?

The term 'queer' was originally derogatory, employed to stigmatize same-sex love as deviant and unnatural. However, since the early 1990s, the term has been reclaimed and adapted by gays and lesbians as a noninvidious term. It is now used to identify a way of life and has become a focus for scholarly inquiry within the field of queer theory. This reappropriation reflects a broader effort to challenge and reclaim language, fostering a sense of empowerment and community among individuals whose experiences were historically marginalized or stigmatized.

Through the 1970s, the two movements were Primarily seperatists :- 

  1. Gays often thought of themselves as quintessentially male. 

 2. While many Lesbians , aligning themselves with the feminist movement. 

Both lesbian studies and gay studies emerged as "liberation movements" during the late 1960s and 1970s, parallel to other liberation movements like those for African-Americans and feminists. This period was marked by anti-Vietnam War sentiments, anti-establishment views, and countercultural ferment. Since their inception, these studies have maintained a close relationship with activists working towards achieving political, legal, and economic rights equal to those of the heterosexual majority for gays and lesbians. The academic fields of lesbian and gay studies have been intertwined with broader social and political movements advocating for LGBTQ+ rights and equality.

A rainbow flag, the symbol of the LGBTQ+ community :- 

Queer theory is an academic discipline that delves into issues of sexuality and identity. It investigates the formation of these identities and challenges the socially constructed binaries that people often adhere to. Encouraging exploration beyond the confines of cisgender and heterosexual norms, queer theory seeks to analyze sexuality and identity beyond stereotypes and traditional perceptions. As it emerged as an academic discipline, queer theory provided a fresh perspective on human sexuality and identity, free from restrictions or boundaries, fostering a more inclusive and nuanced understanding of diverse experiences.

The rainbow flag, commonly known as the pride flag, serves as a symbol of LGBT pride and the broader LGBT social movements. The flag's colors are symbolic of the diversity within the LGBT community and represent the spectrum of human sexuality and gender. The tradition of using a rainbow flag as a symbol of LGBT pride originated in San Francisco, California, and has since become widespread at LGBT rights events and celebrations worldwide. The flag stands as a visible and powerful emblem of solidarity, inclusivity, and the ongoing struggle for LGBTQ+ rights.

According to Merriam Webster Dictionary ,

 "Queer theory is an approach to literary and cultural study that rejects traditional categories of gender and Sexuality. "

Lesbian Gay Criticism, often associated with Queer theory, involves examining literature and cultural texts through a queer lens. It explores representation, identity, and power dynamics within these texts. Society's response to queer theory has evolved over time. Initially met with resistance, it has gained acceptance as conversations around LGBTQ+ issues have become more mainstream. However, resistance still persists.

Society's outlook towards Queer theory varies widely. While there is increasing acceptance and understanding, some segments may still hold orthodox and conservative views. It is crucial to highlight the challenges that LGBTQ+ individuals and queer theory face, fostering awareness and promoting inclusivity in the ongoing dialogue around sexuality and gender.

Major Theorist and their Works:-

Judith Butler:-

Judith Butler is a foundational figure in queer theory and women's studies. Her 1990 work, "Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity," played a crucial role in the development of queer theory as an academic discipline.

In her text, Butler describes gender and sexuality as performative. This means that the cultural discourse not only defines what is considered masculine or feminine but also brings these categories into existence through the establishment of identities and patterns of behavior. According to Butler, homosexuality is not a fixed identity but rather a socially pre-established pattern of action that gives the appearance of originating from a specific identity.

Butler's analysis of gender as flexible and undefinable has been influential in the development of queer theories on gender and identity. Queer theory, building on Butler's ideas, challenges traditional notions of gender by portraying it as fluid and constantly changing, rejecting the idea that gender can be strictly binary.

Barbara Smith:-

"Toward a Black Feminist Criticism" is a book written by Barbara Smith, first published in 1977. Barbara Smith, an African American critic, asserted that while white women have seen improvements in their conditions and gained a place in a male-dominant society since the beginning of feminism, there has been little significant improvement in the condition of black women.

Smith and similar writers raised their voices against this disparity, arguing that black women should be given specific recognition because their life experiences differ from those of white women. They emphasized that the conditions of both white and black women cannot be described in the same manner, highlighting the need for a distinct and inclusive approach to feminist criticism that addresses the unique challenges faced by black women.

Ann Allen Shockley :-

Ann Allen Shockley is an American journalist, editor, and author who specializes in themes of interracial lesbian love, particularly focusing on the challenges faced by black lesbians.

In her work "The Black Lesbian in American Literature: An Overview," Shockley engages in a sustained debate among queer theorists. This debate revolves around the tension between radical constructionism, which posits that lesbian or gay identity is a linguistic and discursive product specific to a particular culture, and the need to affirm a special and enduring type of human identity. The latter perspective seeks to signalize and celebrate this identity while also establishing a basis for concerted political action within the LGBTQ+ community. This debate reflects broader discussions within queer theory about the nature and construction of sexual and gender identities.

Diana Fuss:- 

Diana Fuss is a professor of literature, film, and feminist studies. Her book "Inside/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories" explores the evolution of perspectives within the LGBTQ+ community. Fuss highlights the transformation from "coming out" to "acting up" to "outing," signifying a radical redefinition of societal views on sexuality and gender.

"Inside/Out" shifts the focus from mere sexual acts to sexual orientation, prompting a reconsideration of the concepts of the sexual and the political. The book engages with the changing landscape of LGBTQ+ identity, challenging traditional notions and contributing to the ongoing discourse within queer theory. Fuss's work reflects the broader societal shifts in understanding and defining sexual orientation and its intersection with politics.

What Lesbian/ Gay Critics do?

1. Identify and establish a canon of 'classic' lesbian/gay writers whose work constitutes a distinct tradition. These are, in the main, twentieth-century writers, such as Virginia Woolf, Vita Sackville-West, Dorothy Richardson, Rosamund Lehmann, and Radclyffe Hall. 

 2. Identify lesbian/gay episodes in mainstream work and discuss them as such (for example, the relationship between Jane and Helen in Jane Eyre), rather than reading same-sex pairings in non-specific ways, for instance, as symbolising two aspects of the same character (Zimmerman). 

 3. Set up an extended, metaphorical sense of 'lesbian/gay' so that it connotes a moment of crossing a boundary, or blurring a set of categories. All such 'liminal' moments mirror the moment of selfidentification as lesbian or gay, which is necessarily an act of conscious resistance to established norms and boundaries. 

 4. Expose the 'homophobia' of mainstream literature and criticism, as seen in ignoring or denigrating the homosexual aspects of the work of major canonical figures, for example, by omitting overtly homosexual love lyrics from selections or discussions of the poetry of W. H. Auden (Mark Lilly). 

 5. Foreground homosexual aspects of mainstream literature which have previously been glossed over. 

 6. Foreground literary genres, previously neglected, which significantly influenced ideals of masculinity or femininity.

Examples of Literature and Movie :-

Orlando : A Biography (1928) novel by Virginia Woolf :- 

"Orlando," a novel by Virginia Woolf, is indeed considered a notable work in queer studies due to its exploration of gender identity and fluidity. The protagonist, Orlando, undergoes a mysterious gender transformation and lives across centuries, moving through different historical periods. Virginia Woolf uses this narrative device to examine the constructed nature of gender roles and societal expectations.

The novel has become a significant text for queer theorists interested in exploring concepts of identity and the fluidity of gender over time. Woolf's portrayal of Orlando's experiences challenges traditional notions of gender and raises questions about the stability and malleability of identity. "Orlando" remains a key literary work in discussions surrounding gender and queer theory.

Shubh Mangal Zyada Savdhan ( 2020) Film:-

"Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan" is indeed a Bollywood film that prominently features LGBTQ+ themes, specifically addressing the societal challenges encountered by same-sex couples in India. The movie aims to explore the complexities and stereotypes associated with queer relationships, intending to raise awareness and foster understanding among audiences.

By combining humor with a message, the film takes on a lighthearted yet impactful approach to challenge societal norms and promote inclusivity. "Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan" contributes to the evolving landscape of Bollywood cinema by engaging with and highlighting LGBTQ+ narratives, thus participating in the broader conversation surrounding representation and acceptance in Indian cinema.

The Married Woman (Series):-

"The Married Woman," an Indian drama series based on Manju Kapoor's novel of the same name, indeed provides an interesting lens through which to apply queer theory. By examining the series through a queer theory perspective, one can explore how it addresses and challenges traditional notions of gender, sexuality, and relationships.

The show likely questions societal norms and expectations, offering a perspective that goes beyond conventional understandings of marriage and relationships. Queer theory, with its focus on challenging and deconstructing normative ideas, can be a valuable framework for analyzing narratives that diverge from traditional expectations. In this way, "The Married Woman" may contribute to the broader conversation around queer representation and the reimagining of relationships in Indian media.

Modern Love Mumbai :-

"Modern Love Mumbai" sounds like an intriguing Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy anthology that explores diverse stories of human connection and love. In the second episode, titled "Baai," the narrative revolves around Manzu, a gay man navigating the complexities of his relationships.

Torn between the love for his partner and his ailing and doting grandmother, the episode appears to delve into the intersections of family dynamics, cultural expectations, and personal identity. This storyline could provide a nuanced exploration of the challenges faced by individuals who identify as LGBTQ+ within the context of familial and societal expectations, offering a narrative that aligns with themes often addressed in queer theory.

Kapoor & Sons:-

This film Potrarys a Gay character and explores the dynamics within a dysfunctional family. 

 Call me by Your Name Novel by Andre Aciman:-

"Call Me by Your Name" is indeed an example often discussed in the context of queer studies due to its exploration of sexuality and identity. André Aciman's novel, as well as Luca Guadagnino's film adaptation, centers around a same-sex romance, exploring the nuances of desire and self-discovery.

The story, set against the backdrop of a sun-soaked Italian summer, captures the intricacies and complexities of a relationship, contributing to discussions within queer studies and LGBTQ+ representation in media. The film, in particular, has been praised for its sensitive portrayal of the characters and its ability to evoke the emotional landscape of the novel, making it a significant work within the broader conversation about queer cinema.

Conclusion:-

In conclusion, Queer theory is a framework that challenges traditional views on gender and sexuality by emphasizing fluidity and resisting fixed categories. It critiques societal norms, advocates for inclusivity, and explores the intersectionality of identities. Through these efforts, queer theory contributes to fostering a more nuanced understanding of human experiences, recognizing and affirming the diverse ways individuals express their gender and sexuality.

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Ecocriticism

 Thinking Activity:- Ecocriticism

Hello Readers! This blog is written in response to the thinking activity assigned by Dr.Dilip Barad sir from the Department of English, MKBU. This blog deals with various western literary theories like Marxism, Feminism, Ecocriticism and Queer theory. In this blog, I will discuss   Ecocriticism.

Introduction:-

Eco-criticism is a relatively new field of study, emerging in the mid-twentieth century. It explores humanity's relationship with the natural world through literature, film, and the arts. With the escalating global climate crisis, eco-criticism has gained significance, aiming to assess and improve how humans interact with the environment. In recent years, it has become linked to activism, addressing ecological issues and suggesting more compassionate ways to coexist with nature.

Eco-criticism is a diverse field, often lacking common characteristics among works except for a shared focus on environmentalism. The primary goal is to contribute to improving humanity's relationship with the natural world. It operates in collaboration with climate change studies, aligning with efforts to address and understand environmental issues.

Ecocriticism:-

Ecocriticism, a term coined in the late 1970s by combining "criticism" with a shortened form of "ecology," refers to critical writings that explore the relations between literature and the biological and physical environment. Also known as environmental criticism or green studies, ecocriticism involves an interdisciplinary approach where scholars analyze texts that illustrate environmental concerns. This field of study emphasizes an acute awareness of the damage inflicted on the environment by human activities. In essence, ecocriticism is the examination of literature and ecology to understand how literature portrays and addresses environmental issues.

Ecocriticism originated from Joseph Meeker's concept of "literary ecology" in his work "The Comedy of Survival: Studies in Literary Ecology" (1972). The term "ecocriticism" itself was coined by William Rueckert in 1978 in his essay "Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism." This field takes an interdisciplinary approach, analyzing the works of authors, researchers, and poets within the context of environmental issues and nature. It provides a critical examination of literature through the lens of ecological awareness and highlights the interconnectedness between literary expressions and the natural world.

Works of Ecocritical Theory:-

• Aldo Leopold's A Sand Country Almanac
• Rachel Carson's Silent Spring
• Ecology Without Natural by Timothy Morton 

Different Types of Ecocriticism:-

1. Pastoral

Pastoral literature, prevalent in British and American literary traditions, centers around the contrast between urban and rural life. It often idealizes nature and rural settings while portraying urban life in a less favorable light. Pastoral ecocriticism, within the broader context of ecocriticism, can be categorized into three branches: Classical, Romantic, and American. 

• Classical is Characterized by nostalgia and nature as a Place for human relaxation and reflection. 

•  Romantic is Characterized by Portraying rural independence as desirable. 

•  American emphasizes agrarianism and represents land as a resource to be cultivated.

2. Wilderness:-

Wilderness ecocriticism explores how the concept of wilderness is constructed, valued, and engaged with in literature. There are two branches within wilderness ecocriticism: Old World and New World.

- Old World Wilderness:This perspective portrays the wilderness as a frightening and threatening place situated beyond the borders of civilization. It is often seen as a place of exile, emphasizing the challenges and dangers associated with the untamed natural environment.

- New World Wilderness:In contrast, this perspective depicts the wilderness as a sanctuary—a place where individuals can find relaxation and reflection. This viewpoint shares similarities with Classical Pastoral ecocriticism, emphasizing the positive and rejuvenating aspects of the natural world.

3. Ecofeminism:-

Ecofeminism is a critical perspective that examines the connections between the subjugation of women and the exploitation of nature, typically by men. It draws parallels between the oppression of women and the domination of nature, often perceived as feminine, fertile, and considered property. Ecofeminism also incorporates aspects of environmental justice, including racial environmental justice. There are two branches of ecofeminism:

1. Radical Ecofeminism (First Branch): This branch embraces the notion that women are inherently closer to nature than men on biological, spiritual, and emotional levels. It is often termed radical ecofeminism because it seeks to reverse the historical domination of men over both women and nature.

2. Contradictory Ecofeminism (Second Branch): In contrast to the first branch, this perspective argues that neither women nor men are inherently more connected to nature. It challenges the idea that there is an inherent gendered relationship with the natural world.

Four Area:-

Area one :- 'the wilderness' (e.g. deserts, oceans, uninhabited continents). 

 Area two :- 'the scenic sublime' (e.g. forests, lakes, mountains, cliffs, waterfalls). 

 Area three :- 'the countryside' (e.g. hills, fields, woods). 

 Area four :- 'the domestic picturesque' (e.g. parks, gardens, lanes). 

Example of Ecocritical Literature:-

Kadvi Hawa:-

"Kadvi Hawa" is a film that delves into the repercussions of climate change on rural communities. The storyline revolves around a blind farmer and a young bank loan recovery agent, offering a portrayal of the consequences of extreme weather conditions. The film sheds light on the vulnerability of individuals directly impacted by climate change, emphasizing the challenges faced by rural communities as they navigate the changing environmental landscape. Through its narrative, "Kadvi Hawa" aims to raise awareness about the human dimensions of climate change and its tangible effects on people's lives.

Sherni :-

"Sherni" (2021) is indeed a film that delves into environmental and ecological themes. Directed by Amit Masurkar and featuring Vidya Balan, the movie follows the journey of a female forest officer working to address the conflict between humans and wildlife in a rural Indian setting. It explores crucial issues like man-animal conflict, conservation, and the intricate balance between human development and the preservation of wildlife and their habitats. By tackling these environmental concerns, "Sherni" stands out as a significant example of Bollywood cinema incorporating ecocritical elements and contributing to the broader discourse on ecological issues.

Anthropocene : The Human Epoch :-

"Anthropocene: The Human Epoch" can indeed be analyzed through the lens of ecocriticism, which involves examining how the film portrays and critiques the impact of human activities on the environment. Ecocriticism, as a field, explores the interconnectedness of literature, culture, and the environment. In the case of this documentary, an ecocritical analysis would involve evaluating how the film represents humanity's relationship with the Earth, the consequences of industrialization, and the role of technology in shaping the environment.

Conclusion:-

In conclusion, ecocriticism serves as a literary and cultural theory that intricately examines the relationship between literature and the environment. This approach delves into how texts depict nature, human interactions with the environment, and the ecological challenges confronting society. Embracing an interdisciplinary perspective, ecocriticism highlights the interconnectedness of literature, culture, and the natural world. By fostering a deeper understanding of environmental issues, it encourages a sense of responsibility toward our planet, making it a valuable tool for exploring and addressing the complex dynamics between human society and the environment.

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Feminism

 Thinking Activity:- Feminism / Feminist Criticism

Hello Readers! This blog is written in response to the thinking activity assigned by Dr.Dilip Barad sir from the Department of English, MKBU. This blog deals with various western literary theories like Marxism, Feminism, Ecocriticism and Queer theory. In this blog, I will discuss Feminism and Feminist Criticism.

Introduction:-

Feminism is an interdisciplinary approach addressing equality and equity related to gender, gender expression, gender identity, sex, and sexuality. Initially focusing on the critique of gender inequality, feminism has evolved to examine the social and performative aspects of gender and sexuality. Contemporary feminist theory explores inequalities across intersecting lines such as ability, class, gender, race, sex, and sexuality. Activists aim to bring about change in areas where these intersecting factors create power imbalances.

What is Feminism?

Feminism is about advocating for equal rights and opportunities for all genders. It involves recognizing and respecting the diverse experiences, identities, and strengths of women. The goal is to empower women to fully realize their rights and ensure equal opportunities for everyone. Being a feminist means believing in equality, without hating men or seeking superiority. It's about leveling the playing field between genders and promoting fairness, without rejecting femininity. Simply put, feminism is about equal rights for all genders.

"It is an advocacy of the Political , economic and social equality of the sexes expressed especially through organised activity on behalf of women's rights and interests."

Feminist literary criticism is a type of literary analysis influenced by feminist theory and the politics of feminism. It applies feminist principles and ideology to examine the language of literature. This approach aims to analyze and reveal how literature portrays narratives of male domination by exploring the economic, social, political, and psychological forces embedded within literary works. In essence, feminist literary criticism seeks to uncover and critique gender-related issues within literature through a feminist lens.

Feminism and Feminist Criticism:-

The 'women's movement' of the 1960s was not the beginning of feminism but a revival of an existing tradition of thought and action. Feminism already had its classic books that identified and addressed the issue of women's inequality in society, some of which proposed solutions to these problems. The movement of the 1960s built upon and renewed these earlier foundations in the pursuit of gender equality.

Example of Feminist Criticism:-

Margaret Fuller's Woman in the Nineteenth Century:-

"Woman in the Nineteenth Century" is a book by American journalist, editor, and women's rights advocate Margaret Fuller. Originally published in July 1843 in The Dial magazine, it was later expanded and republished in book form in 1845. The work is a significant feminist text that addresses women's roles and rights in the 19th century, discussing issues such as gender inequality and advocating for women's intellectual and social freedom.

Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex :-

"The Second Sex" (French: "Le Deuxième Sexe") is a book written by the French existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir. Published in 1949, the work explores the treatment of women in contemporary society and throughout history. It is divided into two volumes: "Facts and Myths" and "Lived Experience." The book is a seminal work in feminist philosophy, addressing issues of women's oppression, the construction of femininity, and the quest for women's liberation. Simone de Beauvoir's exploration in "The Second Sex" has had a profound and enduring influence on feminist thought and literature.

"The Second Sex" by Simone de Beauvoir is a significant critique of the cultural view that identifies women as the negative "Other" to men as the dominating "Subject." The book challenges the assumption that men represent humanity in general. It also critiques the collective myths about women in the works of many male writers. Widely regarded as a groundbreaking work of feminist philosophy, "The Second Sex" is considered the starting point of second-wave feminism.

Simone de Beauvoir's statement, "One is not born, but rather becomes a woman," underscores her belief that being a woman is not an inherent condition but a result of societal treatment from birth. She argued that women should take control of their lives and define their essence, as there is no inherent nature dictating that men should be a certain way as opposed to women. This idea challenges traditional notions of fixed gender roles and encourages women to shape their identities on their own terms.

Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own:-

Virginia Woolf played a crucial role as an early precursor in feminist criticism. In addition to her fiction, she authored "A Room of One’s Own" in 1929 and numerous essays addressing women authors. Woolf explored the cultural, economic, and educational challenges within a "patriarchal" society, dominated by men. She highlighted the obstacles that hindered or prevented women from realizing their full productive and creative potentials. Woolf's work laid a foundation for feminist literary criticism by addressing gender-based inequalities in both society and literature.

Kate Millett's "Sexual Politics,":-

Kate Millett's "Sexual Politics," published in the early 1970s, was even more influential in feminist criticism. Millett used the term "politics" to refer to the mechanisms that express and enforce power relationships in society. She analyzed various Western social arrangements and institutions as covert methods of manipulating power to establish and perpetuate the dominance of men and the subordination of women.

In her book, Millett critiqued the male bias in Freud's psychoanalytic theory and examined selected passages by authors like D. H. Lawrence, Henry Miller, Norman Mailer, and Jean Genet. She argued that these passages revealed how these authors, in their fictional fantasies, elevated their aggressive phallic selves while degrading women into submissive sexual objects. "Sexual Politics" thus became a significant work that contributed to the feminist critique of literature and culture.

What Feminist Critics do? 

 1. Rethink the canon, aiming at the rediscovery of texts written by women. 

2. Revalue women's experience. 

3. Examine representations of women in literature by men and women. 

4. Challenge representations of women as 'Other', as 'lack', as part of 'nature'. 

5. Examine power relations which are obtained in texts and in life, with a view to breaking them down, seeing reading as a political act, and showing the extent of patriarchy. 

6. Recognise the role of language in making what is social and constructed seem transparent and 'natural'. 

7. Raise the question of whether men and women are 'essentially' different because of biology, or are socially constructed as different. 

8. Explore the question of whether there is a female language, an feminine, and whether this is also available to men. 

9. 'Re-read' psychoanalysis to further explore the issue of female and male identity. 

10. Question the popular notion of the death of the author, asking whether there are only 'subject positions ... constructed in discourse', or whether, on the contrary, the experience is central. 

11. Make clear the ideological base of supposedly 'neutral' or 'mainstream' literary interpretations. 

Feminism in Literature:-

Pride and Prejudice:-

In "Pride and Prejudice," Jane Austen subtly weaves in feminist themes that question the societal norms of the 19th century. The protagonist, Elizabeth Bennet, defies traditional gender roles by being strong-willed and independent. Austen criticizes the societal pressure for women to marry for financial stability, as depicted through Mrs. Bennet's fixation on securing suitable husbands for her daughters. Elizabeth's resistance to conforming to these expectations and her insistence on marrying for love highlight feminist undertones.

The novel also delves into the constraints on women's education and independence. Elizabeth's intelligence challenges the notion of women being intellectually inferior. The character of Charlotte Lucas, who marries for financial security without love, serves as commentary on the limited choices available to women during that era. In essence, "Pride and Prejudice" presents a nuanced exploration of gender roles and societal expectations, creating a foundation for feminist analysis and discussion.

Conclusion:-

In conclusion, feminism and its criticism have significantly influenced various aspects of society, culture, and literature. Feminism, as an interdisciplinary approach, seeks to address issues of equality and equity related to gender, gender expression, gender identity, sex, and sexuality. It has evolved over time from a focus on the critique of gender inequality to a more nuanced exploration of the social and performative constructions of gender and sexuality.

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Marxist Criticism

 Thinking Activity: Marxist Criticism

Hello Readers! This blog is written in response to the thinking activity assigned by Dr.Dilip Barad sir from the Department of English, MKBU. This blog deals with various western literary theories like Marxism, Feminism, Ecocriticism and Queer theory. In this blog, I will discuss  Marxism and Marxist Criticism.

Introduction:-

Marxism is a socio-economic and political theory, as well as a set of political and economic ideologies, developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the mid-19th century. It serves as the theoretical foundation for communism. 

What is Marxist Criticism ?

Marxist literary criticism is a way of analyzing literature based on Karl Marx's ideas. It explores the relationship between literature and the social and economic conditions in which it was created. Originally, it focused on how literature portrayed workers and classes. Later, it evolved to see literature as a record of historical conditions and a form of knowledge. Like cultural criticism, Marxist literary criticism questions the established literary "canon" and examines how culture and power intersect. For Marxist critics, literature can both reflect and challenge existing power dynamics. Notable 20th-century Marxist literary critics include Georg Lukács, Antonio Gramsci, Louis Althusser, Terry Eagleton, Raymond Williams, and Frederic Jameson.

Marxism is a philosophy created by Karl Marx in the 19th century. It explores how capitalism affects labor, productivity, and economic progress. Marx argues that a revolution by the working class is necessary to replace capitalism with communism. In Marxism, the key idea is the ongoing conflict between the capitalists (bourgeoisie) and the workers (proletariat), which is expected to result in a communist revolution.

The key ideas of Marxism :- ( Generated by ChatGPT)

1. Historical Materialism: According to Marx, the development of societies is driven by changes in the mode of production. He argued that historical development is primarily shaped by the struggle between social classes over control of the means of production (such as factories, land, and resources).

2. Class Struggle: Marx believed that human history is characterized by class struggle. In capitalist societies, he identified two primary classes: the bourgeoisie (capitalist class, who own and control the means of production) and the proletariat (working class, who sell their labor to the bourgeoisie).

3. Labor Theory of Value: Marx asserted that the value of a commodity is determined by the amount of socially necessary labor time required to produce it. He argued that the surplus value created by the labor of the proletariat is the source of profit for the capitalist class.

4. Alienation: Marx discussed the concept of alienation, where workers in a capitalist system become estranged from the products of their labor, the labor process itself, their fellow workers, and their human potential. This alienation is seen as a consequence of the capitalist mode of production.

5. Dictatorship of the Proletariat: Marx envisioned a transitional phase between capitalism and communism called the dictatorship of the proletariat. In this phase, the working class would take control of the state apparatus to establish a classless society.

6. Communism:The ultimate goal of Marxism is the establishment of a classless, stateless society known as communism. In this society, the means of production are collectively owned, and the principle "from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs" is applied.

While Marxism has had a profound impact on social and political thought and has inspired various political movements, it has also been subject to criticism and has undergone numerous interpretations and adaptations over time. Different individuals and groups have applied and modified Marxist ideas in diverse ways to address specific historical and social contexts.

 In Marxist literary analysis, the course of human history, including social structures, institutions, and thinking, is mainly shaped by changes in how we produce and distribute goods—an aspect known as the mode of material production.

Changes in how we make things also impact the class structure of society, creating dominant and subordinate classes that engage in a struggle for economic, political, and social advantages during each era. Human consciousness is shaped by ideology—the beliefs, values, and ways of thinking through which people understand and explain reality. Ideology, influenced by class interests, serves to legitimize and perpetuate the dominant economic and social class in any historical period.

About Karl Marx:-

Karl Marx (1818–1883) was a German philosopher, economist, and political theorist who laid the foundation for the socio-economic and political ideology known as Marxism. Born in Trier, Prussia (now in western Germany), Marx was the son of a lawyer. He studied law, history, and philosophy at various universities.

Marx's most influential and renowned work is "The Communist Manifesto" (1848), co-written with Friedrich Engels. This seminal document passionately advocates for the overthrow of the capitalist system by the working class, leading to a classless and stateless society – communism.

In his major economic work, "Das Kapital" (Capital), Marx delved into the critique of capitalism. He explored the relationships between labor, value, and profit, presenting his famous Labor Theory of Value. Marx argued that capitalism inherently led to the exploitation of the working class (proletariat) by the owning class (bourgeoisie). He predicted that as capitalism developed, the contradictions and conflicts between these classes would intensify, ultimately culminating in a proletarian revolution.

Base and Superstructure:-

In Karl Marx's ideas, there are two key concepts: base and superstructure. The base includes the materials and resources used to produce what society needs. The superstructure encompasses everything else in society, like culture and institutions. It's a way of understanding how economic factors (base) shape and influence other aspects of a society (superstructure).

Marxist political theory sees history as a continuous battle between two classes: the bourgeoisie (capitalists who own wealth and production) and the proletariat (working class providing labor). In the ideal Marxist society, workers would own the means of production, replacing capitalism through a Communist revolution aimed at overthrowing the bourgeoisie.

What Marxist Critics do ?

1. They make a division between the 'overt' (manifest or surface) and 'covert' (latent or hidden) content of a literary work (much as psychoanalytic critics do) and then relate the covert subject matter of the literary work to basic Marxist themes, such as class struggle, or the progression of society through various historical stages, such as, the transition from feudalism to industrial capitalism.

2. Another method used by Marxist critics is to relate the context of a work to the social-class status of the author. In such cases an assumption is made (which again is similar to those made by psychoanalytic critics) that the author is unaware of precisely what he or she is saying or revealing in the text.

3. A third Marxist method is to explain the nature of a whole literary genre in terms of the social period which 'produced' it. For instance, The Rise of the Novel, by Ian Watt, relates the growth of the novel in the eighteenth century to the expansion of the middle classes during that period.

 4. A fourth Marxist practice is to relate the literary work to the social assumptions of the time in which it is 'consumed', a strategy which is used particularly in the later variant of Marxist criticism known as cultural materialism.

5. A fifth Marxist practice is the 'politicisation of literary form', that is, the claim that literary forms are themselves determined by political circumstance. For instance, in the view of some critics, literary realism carries with it an implicit validation of conservative social structures: for others, the formal and metrical intricacies of the sonnet and the iambic pentameter are a counterpart of social stability, decorum, and order. 

Marxist Criticism in Literary text and Movie:-

George Orwell's Animal Farm:-

"Animal Farm" by George Orwell is a great example of applying Marxist criticism. The story, symbolizing the Russian Revolution, depicts farm animals overthrowing humans. Marxist critics would analyze power dynamics, class struggle, and the rise of a new ruling class (the pigs) resembling capitalism. The unequal distribution of resources, labor exploitation, and the betrayal of ideals in the novella reflect social and economic commentary from a Marxist perspective.

Modern Times - Charlie Chaplin:-

"Modern Times," a film by Charlie Chaplin, can be viewed through a Marxist lens. The movie criticizes industrialization, modernization, and the dehumanizing impact of capitalism. Chaplin's depiction of the challenges faced by the working class and the difficult conditions in factories resonates with Marxist ideas of class conflict and exploitation.

Metropolis :-

"Metropolis," directed by Fritz Lang, delves into class divisions in a dystopian future city. A Marxist criticism analysis of the film highlights the sharp contrast between the affluent elite residing in luxury above ground and the oppressed, exploited working class laboring in harsh conditions below. The movie provides a visual narrative that aligns with Marxist themes of social inequality, economic exploitation, and class struggle.

Conclusion:-

In conclusion, Marxist criticism looks at literature through the perspective of socio-economic class structures, emphasizing power dynamics, oppression, and economic relationships. In essence, it analyzes how literature reflects and interacts with the existing economic and social conditions, bringing attention to the ideological aspects embedded within literary works.

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